The world around us It's interesting to know His secrets and mysteries We are ready to discover!

Theme:

"In the world of stones"

COLLECTION - a collection of items

Learning task:

find information

about unfamiliar stones.

Name

Granite

Colour

Strength

Coal

Pink, red, gray with black dots.

Flint

Special saints

Very durable and hard.

Black shiny.

Usage

Hard, but brittle, prickly.

Rock salt

Consists of grains of various sizes.

Yellowish with alternating dark and light stripes.

It burns well.

White, grey.

Construction of foundations, embankments, roads, finishing of metro stations.

For heating residential premises, manufacturing plastics, medicines.

Firm, but itchy.

Pumice

By rubbing two stones, sparks can be struck.

Amber

Hard, but easily pricked and crumbled.

Dissolves in water.

Light brown.

For grinding and polishing products, like an ornamental stone, in lighters.

Jasper

Leaves a mark when writing on the surface

For cooking food.

Hard and rough.

Golden yellow.

In construction, in the manufacture of crayons.

Peat

Grayish-green or red-blue, etc..

Porous (similar to a sponge), light, does not sink in water.

Sometimes you can see the remains of plants and insects in it.

Solid, durable.

For grinding and polishing products, as a hygienic agent.

Dark brown with plant remains.

For the manufacture of jewelry: beads, rings, earrings.

Firm but crumbles easily.

With bizarre divorces and patterns.

As an ornamental stone: for the manufacture of caskets, vases, snuff boxes.

It burns well.

as fuel and fertilizer.

Work plan : 1. Determine the color of the stone (use a magnifying glass). 2. Check the stone for strength (try to break it). 3. Read in the table about the special properties of the stone, if you can, check them. 4. Find out where the stone is being used. 5. Read the name of the stone.

Granite

Granite is a rock composed of grains of several minerals. Mainly feldspar, quartz and mica

Granite

Mica

Feldspar

Quartz

This is a type of limestone. It was formed from the remains of tiny marine organisms that can only be seen under a microscope.

Flint

In ancient times, fragments of flint were used to strike fire. Ancient man used flint to make weapons and household items (arrowheads, flint knives, etc.)

Rock salt

(Mineral halite) - this is the same salt that we add to food.

Jasper

Semi-precious ornamental stone. The most famous Russian Place of Birth ornamental jasper are located in the South Ural , in Altai. In ancient times, gloves were made from jaspers and amulets , supposedly protecting from visual impairment and from droughts . Nowadays, it is a popular material for artistic stone-cutting products, stone mosaics.

Peat

Combustible mineral. It is not difficult to recognize it: the remains of plants from which it was formed are clearly visible in it.

Coal

Black shiny stone. It burns well and gives off a lot of heat. Therefore, people use it as fuel.

Pumice

Light light brown stone. Outwardly, it looks like a sponge, but hard and rough, like a grater.

natural stones -

These are rocks and minerals that are mined from the bowels of the Earth and its surface. They are used in the economy.

• Porcelain
• Ceramics
• Glass
• Brick
• Concrete

THE GAME "Guess it!"

What natural stone are we talking about?

The white stone melted Left footprints on the board

Very strong and resilient Builders reliable friend. Houses, steps, pedestals Be beautiful and noticeable

GRANITE

He brings warmth to the house, It's light all around, Helps to melt steel Make paints and enamels. It's black and shiny real helper

Coal

Plants grew in the swamp, Became fuel and fertilizer

PEAT

Learning task:

find information

about unfamiliar stones.

Reflection of educational activity

1. At the lesson, I learned ...

2. I was wondering...

3. It was difficult for me ...

4. I liked…

FLUORITE Fluorite gets its name from the Latin word for fluor. The stone was used as glass in optical night vision devices. The demand for fluorite as a decorative material is increasing. Jewelry is made of precious stone: bracelets, beads, rings, sometimes there are boxes, candlesticks, ashtrays.

ROSE QUARTZ Quartz has been used since ancient times for making jewelry by most peoples of the world. Quartz was first mentioned by Theophastus, then by Pliny, who considered quartz to be petrified ice. The origin of the word "quartz" probably comes from the Vendian "twardy" - hard.

TOPAZ Topaz is an unusually beautiful gemstone that is often used in jewelry. As a mineral, topaz is excellent for cutting glass. It is mined most often in crystals. This stone was named after Topazion Island in the Red Sea.

MALAKHIT Malachite is the name comes from the Greek "malache" - mallow (flower). Malachite is a water carbonate of all shades of green. Even in ancient times, Israel and Ancient Egypt were famous for their deposits of malachite. It was there that the belief was born, according to which this stone was the best assistant to the pharaohs in making decisions. This contributed to the popularization of the use of malachite for the manufacture of amulets, various decorations and interior details.

Amber Amber is just a delightful gift for us from Mother Nature. Amber comes in many colors - yellow, orange, red, white, brown, green, blue and almost black. Very often in amber you can find particles of plants or insects that are in amber, which is of great importance for both collectors and scientists.

CHALcedony Chalcedony got its name from the area of ​​Chalcedony in Asia Minor. Chalcedony is also called "blue moonstone", "Mecca stone". Chalcedony is no ordinary gemstone. Chalcedony is the most sought-after material for making jewelry, ranging from a luxurious evening necklace to strict cufflinks. The availability of the gemstone and the variety of shades make it so popular for making vases, figurines, mosaics, and interior details.

Why is a stone necessary for a person?

The stone has always been a necessary subject in human life. Many thousands of years ago, primitive people used stone as a tool. They hunted animals with spears, to which they tied tips of pointed stones. With the help of stone knives, the carcasses of dead animals were dismembered into parts. The stone could grind grains of cereals into flour, smooth the skin. And with shiny colored stones, a person has long loved to decorate himself and his clothes.

But not every stone has the right properties, such as hardness or beauty, to be used to make weapons or jewelry. Therefore, people searched, selected the stones they needed, memorized their external signs, properties and gave them names. From day to day, from year to year, from century to century, people collected information about stones, about their origin, properties and methods of their use, and passed it on to their descendants. Currently, a large collection of stones has been collected. There are a lot of stones in nature. Science deals with the study of stones geology .

The mistress of underground riches

He invites us to his kingdom.

The gates of the underground country are open,

Any treasures on the map

you will find.

Riddles malachite casket

This is a yellowish stone. By knocking two such stones against each other, sparks can be struck. Ancient man used this stone to make weapons and household items.

Flint

This is a colorful stone. The stone got its name from the Greek word "jasper". For its multicoloredness, this gem is valued all over the world. It has been known since ancient times. Primitive people used this stone as a material for jewelry - rings and amulets.

Jasper

The stone got its name from the Latin word "granum", which means "grain". If you look closely at the stone, you can see that it is all as if made up of stone grains. And they are not only different in color, but also of different types.

Due to its beauty and hardness, this stone is widely used in construction.

Granite

This combustible stone in the fire is heated, poured with a red flame, hot, like a fire becomes and burns itself.

For a long time, the fire-stone in the hearth for a person saved heat in the cold.

He learned to move the car with the fuel of his car. In order for an iron horse, a workaholic locomotive, to run along the rails, it is necessary to feed the fire-breathing horse. And what do they feed him? Firestone! Locomotive furnaces are loaded with combustible stone, and the locomotive carries people and goods to cities and distant countries.

People have learned to turn the fiery heat of the heat-stone into electricity. Burn, burn bright, electric bulb! And electric lamps glow in our homes no worse than the fabulous feathers of the firebird.

Fire-stone, light-stone, and seemingly modest, you can’t say that there is so much warmth and light hiding in it.

Guess what stone it is?

Coal

Once upon a time, small creatures lived in the ancient sea-ocean - crustaceans, sea snails and other small people. How many of them were in the sea-ocean? But as in a cloud of drops. Just like living clouds from living droplets. And by the way, each living snail droplet has its own shell house. And the whole ocean was full of these living clouds, like the sky before the rain.

Indeed, “rain” poured from obsolete shells to the bottom of the sea. For thousands of years, this shell shower continued without interruption. And along with the shells, the skeletons of various sea creatures, and the shells of crustaceans, and fragments of buildings that small marine inhabitants make, sank to the bottom. All this is mixed and caked under water into a real stone. Because all this building material for stone is squeezed by heavy layers of water.

Years, centuries, millennia passed, and where there was once a seabed, now land. After all, the surface of our planet is constantly in motion - it rises, falls, gathers in huge folds.

It just happens very slowly. Hundreds of millions of years ago, a thick shell blanket covered the seabed, and today we can travel through the mountains, which are made entirely of white stone.

Limestone

This stone is used to write on the board at school, in the pharmaceutical industry they are used to make tablets and tooth powder is made from it.

There is such a riddle: "It will be born in water, but it is afraid of water." And I do not advise you to lower this stone into the water if you want to save it. It can get wet and crumble into hundreds of pebbles and grains of sand when you decide to wash it. If you had left it in the water longer, it would have completely disappeared, this stone lump, consisting of sticky white salty grains, would melt ...

Is salt a stone? - you ask. Salt is the real stone. Grains of river sand are tiny pebbles, and grains of salt are also very small pebbles. And there are also quite large, whole blocks of rock salt.

Salt

What happens if one of the stones is thrown into the water?

But among the ten there is one who neither burns in fire nor sinks in water. And it does not sink because it is light, like foam. He is actually stone foam. She was carried to the surface of the earth by the red-hot waves of the fiery river. Indeed, under the thickness of the earth, in the depths of our planet, a fiery ocean boils and rages, so hot that the most persistent and stubborn stones melt in it. Along with these streams comes hot stone foam. When it cools, it turns into a light brown stone, porous, like bread, and rough, like a grater. And its name is similar to the word "foam".

Pumice

This stone is most often golden yellow in color. This is the fossilized resin of ancient coniferous trees. Sometimes you can see the remains of plants and insects in it. Rings, earrings, beads and other jewelry are made from this stone.

Amber

Loose, loose rock. Its particles are poorly linked to each other. Easily passes water.

This breed is abundant in riverbeds.

Sand

And a stone whistle, and a huge stone house, and a warm village stove, and dishes of rare beauty - all these “pies” baked from one stone dough. Amazing dough! It loves both fire and water equally. On the water it is wonderfully kneaded, it becomes soft and pliable. You can make a simple brick out of it, and an intricate figure, and elegant dishes - such a soft stone. But put a product made from this dough into the fire - it will not burn, will not crumble, but, on the contrary, will only become stronger. Even though a house made of it will stand for a thousand years.

And then he is not afraid of water - neither river nor sea salt. From the bottom of the sea, scientists raise ancient vases - amphoras made from this stone. They have lain on the seabed for several millennia, but they themselves are intact, and the pattern on them is as good as new.

I see, you yourself guessed what kind of soft stone we are talking about.

Clay

Those stones that we have just met were born when there was not a single person on Earth yet. And once the Earth was an uninhabited stone desert. But, as you yourself understand, if there were no people on Earth, and these stones already existed, then they were created not by man, but by nature. It can be said about a stone that it is the very first creation of nature.

So, natural stone substances that arose in the depths of the earth and ocean, stones born in the workshop of nature, are called minerals. The ancient Latin word "mine" means "mine". Minerals- these are stone substances created by nature, which we mine in the earth.

But after all, there are stones in the world made not in the workshop of mother nature, but in the workshop of man. This artificial, man-made stones that people create for all sorts of useful and very important things. Artificial stones are similar to natural ones. Sometimes they are made from recycled minerals, adding or, conversely, removing something. And it turns out a new stone, which you will not find in nature.

There are three artificial stones - brick, glass, concrete - three whales (base), on which all the cities of our planet are held. Remember, brick, glass and concrete are the three main building stones. If they suddenly disappeared from the face of the Earth, and not a single city would remain on our planet.

Pro brick I don't think you need to tell. You know that many houses are built of brick.

Everyone knows that windows are the eyes of houses. And that the windows through which light enters the houses glass , everyone knows.

If houses are made of bricks, as if from small cubes, then concrete allows builders to sculpt houses out of stone. After all, concrete, while it is liquid, like sour cream, can be given any shape. A gray viscous solution - a mixture of cement, sand, gravel - hardens and turns into stone. If you pour concrete into a round shape, you will get a round stone; if you put liquid concrete into a shape resembling, say, a flower, you will get a stone flower. There is where to roam the imagination of the architect.

Artificial "stones" are also called ceramics and porcelain.

Ceramics - fired clay products.

Porcelain - products made of white clay with the addition of other substances.

Stones - gems

People have always valued stones for their beauty, rarity, durability and loved stone jewelry. In ancient times, these were beads made of multi-colored pebbles on a thread. In Rus', such stones were called gems. Later, master jewelers began to create jewelry from precious stones.

Ruby

In the old days in Rus' they were called yachts. Due to its high hardness, color. Ruby was credited with unique properties. He not only served as an expensive decoration, but also protected from leprosy, fever, plague, epilepsy. Ruby was sometimes used to make seals, which were fixed on rings.

Emerald

In Russia, the largest deposits of emeralds are found in the Urals. In ancient Egypt, they believed that the emerald guards the hearth, contributes to the well-being of the family.

Topaz

The color of topaz is the most diverse - yellow, pink, blue, violet - red. Not far from the village of Murzinka in the Urals, unique deposits of gems were found, among them was topaz. Jewelery topaz is used to make jewelry.

Diamond

Diamond is the king of gems. It is the hardest and has the strongest luster. A diamond crystal artificially cut by a jeweler is called a diamond. Diamond is very widely used in jewelry. It was inserted into royal crowns, snuff boxes and orders, sewn onto suits and hats. In Russia, diamonds are mined in Yakutia and the Urals.

Sapphire

Sapphires are valued very highly and are comparable in value to diamond, emerald and ruby. Crowns of kings and royal clothes were decorated with sapphires.

This stone is cold and pure. During long journeys, he was put in his mouth to quench his thirst.

Do you know who these items belonged to and what they are called?

Look in the reference book (p. 92) what the words “scepter”, “power” mean.

Scepter - a sign of royal power, a rod (short stick) with precious stones and carvings.

Power - a sign of royal power, a golden ball with a cross on top.

Presentation prepared

Elfimova Natalya Alexandrovna

primary school teacher

MBOU secondary school "No. 58" them. G.D. Kurnakova, Ulyanovsk

Mini-museum "The World of Stones - Minerals" we, together with children and parents, collected and designed for two years. Children are happy to examine and study stones, play. Based on the collected material, classes are conducted.

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Our planet and everything and everything that surrounds us, almost entirely consists of minerals. Despite this diversity, not everyone is able to distinguish them at a glance. The vast majority of minerals are solids, but liquids are also found. Every year, geologists and scientists discover new minerals. Some of the minerals are so rare that they are found in only a few copies. So far, more than 3,500 minerals have been discovered, of which only a few dozen are widely distributed on the surface of the earth.

The vast majority of minerals are solids, but liquids are also found.

Many people confuse the concept of "mineral" and "rock". Typically, a rock is formed by two or more minerals.

We learned all this and a lot more interesting things by starting to collect a collection of stones.

It all started with the fact that I noticed how children are interested in various pebbles, looking for them on the site during a walk, sorting and giving their names.

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Slides captions:

Variety of stones

Gemstones are minerals that have a beautiful appearance, are quite rare and expensive.

Diamond. Colorless, yellow, brown, blue, blue, green, red, pink, black. It is transparent and fragile. The main deposits are known in Africa, Russia, Australia and Canada.

Ruby. Red, red-brown, red-purple, red-pink. In addition to Antarctica, it is found on all continents.

Sapphire. Blue and cyan of various shades; colorless, pink, orange, yellow, green, purple, black. The most famous sapphire deposits are located in the USA, Australia, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Burma, Thailand and China.

Emerald. Green, yellowish green. Emeralds are mined in Russia, USA, Canada, Australia, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, India, China, Cambodia, Egypt.

Alexandrite in daylight: dark blue-green, bluish green, dark grass green, olive green in evening or artificial light: pink-crimson, red-violet, purple. Alexandrite deposits in Russia, Brazil, Tanzania and Madagascar e.

Garnet red, bright red, orange, purple, green, purple, black, chameleons (in the light of the sun - bluish-green, under the light of an electric lamp - purple-green). Beautiful splices are found in Karelia.

Aquamarine. Light blue, bluish green, greenish blue or gray blue. Deposits are known on all continents, the most significant: Brazil, Russia.

Opal. White, yellow, red, orange, brown, blue, green, black. Opal is considered the national stone of Australia.

Building stones. For centuries, natural stone has been a leader in construction. Natural stone is strong, stable and durable.

Asbestos Mica Gypsum Granite

Pumice Basalt Limestone Marble

Sandstone Shell rock Slate Flint Chalk